Turabian in-text citation example

Go to Notes and Bibliography Style

Go to Author-Date Style

Source citations in the Turabian manual come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography (or simply notes) and (2) author-date.

These two systems are also sometimes referred to as Chicago-style citations, because they are the same as the ones presented in The Chicago Manual of Style.

If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources.

Turabian footnotes

Otherwise, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The notes and bibliography style is popular in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. This system is very flexible and can easily accommodate a wide variety of sources.

The author-date style is more common in the physical, natural, and social sciences.

In this system, sources are briefly cited i

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